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1. After reading Chapter 10 of the textbook answer the following:
   For each of the following scenarios, describe the type of conflict that is being represented by the particular scenario being described:
   (a) Hadley Primary Care Group in Johnson, Vermont has been in the community for 35 years. The senior partner in the group is a member of the hospital Medical Executive Committee. The 10-member primary care group is the major source of primary care in the community of 10 thousand people although there are a few other primary care providers in solo practice offices. A new hospital administrator was recently hired to assume responsibility for the organization. He announced to the physicians that he hired a physician search firm to recruit five family practitioners that would be employed by the hospital. He justified the decision by saying that increasingly hospitals were employing their own doctors and the community was experiencing a significant population growth with retirees. Dr. Wetzman from Hadley Primary Care expressed his dissatisfaction to no avail and said he would discuss it with his primary care partnership and if necessary bring it to the hospital Board of Trustees.
   (b) After reading of the new advances in virtual visits, the administrator of Stoughton Memorial Hospital proposes to his medical staff that it might be worthwhile to consider initiating a similar effort with a reintermediation strategy. The administrator says she has contacted TelaDoc, company that has partnered with several other hospitals to provide 24/7 virtual visit services. The CEO then shows several similar-sized hospitals’ web pages where the hospitals’ virtual visits offering using TelDoc are promoted. At this point the medical staff meeting is in an uproar. Several doctors say that they will lose business or else will lose referrals.
   (c) Austin Orthopedics is one of the largest orthopedic groups in Southwestern Oklahoma. After many years of admitting to Tulsa General Hospital, the physician group decide that it might just be better for them in terms of operating room efficiency and their own patient satisfaction if they take a major leap in investment and market positioning to build their own free-standing outpatient surgical suites. In recent years, the vast majority of their own surgeries have required few overnight stays in a hospital. The hospital, upon learning of these plans, decides that it might be best for them to go to the AAOS, hold an internal meeting of orthopedic surgeons, and mount an aggressive campaign to recruit their own orthopedic surgeons into the community.
   Use APA 7 Format and list any references.

Now that you have been introduced to the sub-discipline of Archeology in Chapters 6 and 7 of your textbook, you can now witness a case of archaeological investigation to determine the lifeway and cause of death of the oldest mummy ever discovered, Ötzi, or the Iceman as he is more commonly known. For those of you interested in Forensic Anthropology, identifying the remains of deceased humans, this video: PBS Nova – Iceman Murder Mystery Documentary will be right up your alley. You might want to eat before watching the video!
Instructions:

1. When you are done watching the video answer the following questions by referring to specific information from the video, NOT other sources:
   1. What was the archaeological context (see term in book) in which the Iceman was found, and how did this impact his preservation?
   2. What subsistence strategy did the Iceman pursue and what evidence (physical, genetic, etc.) was used to determine this?
   3. How do you think the Iceman was murdered (e.g. premeditated or accidental)?  Support your opinion with evidence!

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coryt8IZ-DE
Watch the video “Parents talking with children about race”. After watching this video consider the following questions. Choose one or two of the questions below to answer. Your response should be at least 300 words long.

1. Before watching this video were you familiar with these kinds of conversations? Have you had these conversations yourself? What was it like learning that these conversations happen? If you’ve had conversations like these, what was it like to see this experience enacted by someone else?
2. Explore your feelings about seeing these conversations.
3. Name the risks and resources available here for both children and parents in these conversations.
4. How might these conversations support children’s resilience? How might we increase the resilience available to children and parents in these conversations?
5. How might caregivers best prepare children for inequality?

POST 1
Jacqueline
The selected topic for this week’s discussion board is Diabetic Knowledge and foot care.
In the selected research article, the study is designed to explore how the Diabetics long-term foot self-care is impacted by his/her knowledge obtained about proper foot self-care. The study’s overall purpose was to assess the relationship between foot care knowledge and foot self-care in African Americans with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
This study sample includes African Americans diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes residing in the US’s southern region; for participant recruiting, a convenience and snowball sampling plan was used via online survey engine, also telephone, email, and flyers that detailed the study.
Descriptive analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to analyze basic foot care knowledge, specialized foot care knowledge, and foot self-care within the participants. The data was also analyzed by:

1. Whether the participant had insurance.
2. Education level.
3. Gender to test for any potential moderating effects.

In the study by Bonner et al. ( 2019), A one-way analysis of variance is conducted to evaluate the relationships between participant gender, insurance status, and education level with primary and extended foot care knowledge and basic and extended foot self-care.
The findings in this pilot study demonstrated that in an African American population with T2DM, regardless of varied education and gender, there are considerable differences between how foot care knowledge is translated into actual foot self-care behaviors. This result confirms that without that additional knowledge, there is the potential to adopt poor foot self-care behaviors.
The use of Inferential statistics strengthens this research study. ANOVA helps determine whether the differences between groups of data are statistically significant to strengthen a study. According to Polit (2010),” ANOVA tends to yield accurate results even if the population distributions depart from normality “(p.139). The study discussed here is significantly strengthened by using the analysis of variance; the findings reveal that positive insurance status is protective in preventing lower extremity disease complications associated with T2DM.
Studies show that efficient foot care interventions can prevent or reduce morbidity and disability in those with T2DM (Neder &Nadesh, 2003).   Studies have also shown that foot care interventions reduce T2DM associated amputation rates between 44% and 85%. (Barth et al., 1991). This study’s results play a critical part in applying evidence-based practice as it proves the efficacy of education regarding outcome improvements and emphasizes the importance of health care equality. This study showed that insurance status had considerable influence on the participants’ comprehensive foot care knowledge, and conversely, the lack of insurance was a barrier.
Reference:
Barth, R., Campbell, L., Allen, S., Jupp, J., & Chisholm, D. (1991). Intensive education
improves knowledge, compliance, and foot problems in type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med, 
            8(2), pp.111-117.
Bonner, T., Guidry, J., & Jackson, Z. (2019). Association between foot care knowledge and
practices among African Americans with type 2 diabetes: An exploratory pilot
study. Journal of the National Medical Association, 111(3), 256-261.
doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2018.10.004
Neder, S., & Nadash, P. (2003). Individualized education can improve foot care for patients with
diabetes. Home Healthc Nurse, 21(12), 837e840.
Polit, D.(2010). Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research. (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle
River, NJ:  Pearson.
POST 2
Lodian
Summarize the study discussed in your selected research article and provide a complete APA citation. Include in your summary the sample, data sources, inferential statistic utilized, and findings.
The topic is I chose End-of-Life Care for People with Cancer from Ethnic Minority Groups: A Systematic Review. The article contends that African Americans as an ethnic minority group recognized with significant barriers to optimal end-of-life care (LoPresti et al., 2016). The researcher points out end-of-life decision-making in different ethnic groups also found variations in ethnic minority groups in relation to preferences for life-sustaining treatment. The author states that knowledge and understanding regarding the end-of-life care treatments conflict with cultural values and the true meaning of comfort care, which is often misunderstood (LoPresti et al., 2016). The same cannot be said about Caucasians as the understanding of comfort care and end-of-life care treatment is often seen as a time in making their loved one comfortable when further treatment options are futile.
Evaluate the purpose and value of this particular research study to the topic.
The purpose of the study evaluates the need of patients needing hospice care and the level of understanding obtained before electing services. The distrust of the health care delivery system is an important factor regarding decision-making at the end of life among African Americans. The historical root of distrust stems from generations of perceptions of unequally rendered services, abuses in medical experimentation, and economic injustice (Johnson et al., 2016). It is important for African Americans patients to have a clear understanding of end-of-life care, which can help to reduce anxiety and curb distrust.
Did using inferential statistics strengthen or weaken the study’s application to evidence-based practice?
Inferential statistics is performed prior to data collection rather than afterward. Descriptive statistics summarize the data to describe what occurred in a sample. In contrast, inferential statistics are calculated to generalize the findings from a sample to the entire population of interest (Trafimow & MacDonald, 2017). In the study, inferential statistics strengthen and determine whether differences between one or more groups. Inferential statistics rely on appropriate sampling methods to ensure maximal representation of the population. Inferential statistics are based on probability theory and the process of hypothesis testing (Gary et al., 2017). Inferential statistics can be classified as either parametric or nonparametric. Nonparametric statistics are most commonly used for variables at the nominal or ordinal level of measurement, which means that they are used for variables not having a normal distribution (Gary et al., 2017). Statistical significance is calculated using information contained only in the sample rather than the population and may use measures of central tendency appropriate for ordinal level data, that is, the median rather than the mean (Trafimow & MacDonald, 2017).
References
Gray, J. R., Grove, S. K., & Sutherland, S. (2017). Burns and Grove’s the practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier.
Johnson, K. S., Payne, R., Kuchibhatla, M. N., & Tulsky, J. A. (2016). Are hospice admission practices associated with hospice enrollment for older African Americans and Whites? Journal of Pain & Symptom Management, 51, 697-705. https://doi.org/10.101 6/j.jpainsymman.2015.11.010
LoPresti, M. A., Dement, F., & Gold, H. T. (2016). End-of-life care for people with cancer from ethnic minority groups. American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, 33, 291-305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909114565658
Trafimow, D., & MacDonald, J. A. (2017). Performing inferential statistics prior to data collection. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 77, 204-219. https://doi.org /10.1177/0013164416659745
POST 3
Lolade
Describe your selected ethical issue
Health organizations collect patient data for use in monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of patient care. The collection and management of patient data is associated with a number of ethical issues for the health organization and providers of care. One of the ethical issues associated with data collection and information management in my institution of healthcare is protecting the privacy and confidentiality of data. Healthcare organizations must strive to promote the integrity of the patient information that they obtain. The patient’s data should be protected from access from unauthorized parties. Health organizations must put in place mechanisms that minimize the risk of data loss through mechanisms such as hacking and data breaches. Health organizations must also ensure that the healthcare providers promote anonymity in the use of patient data. The identity of the patients should not be linked to their health needs of problems when sharing data with other providers (Milton, 2017). The organization should promote privacy by ensuring that the data is used for its intended purpose only.
Analyze the potential liabilities that this issue poses to the organization by referencing the AMIA Code of Ethics
According to AMIA Code of Ethics, the ethical issue of promoting data integrity is associated with a number of legal liabilities. Accordingly, patients have the right to seek for compensation for damages if the healthcare institution does not safeguard the integrity of their private and confidential data. Loss of data integrity may predispose the patient to physical, social, and emotional suffering. Therefore, health institutions must be held accountable for the violation of the rights of the patients. Healthcare providers also face similar liabilities if they engage in activities that threaten the integrity of the patients’ data.
Formulate strategies that the organization could implement to address the ethical issue
The organization can adopt a number of interventions to address the ethical issues associated with data integrity. One of the interventions is training the healthcare providers about promotion of data integrity. Training ensures that the providers understand the behaviors that should be adopted to ensure data integrity. The organization should also adhere to the regulations that govern the use of patient data such as HIPAA (Barnable et al., 2018). Lastly, the organization should develop policies that guide the use of patient data by the staff, hence, protection of data integrity.
References
Barnable, A., Cunning, G., & Parcon, M. (2018). Nursing Students’ Perceptions of Confidentiality, Accountability, and E-Professionalism in Relation to Facebook. Nurse Educator, 43(1), 28–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000000441
Milton, C. L. (2017). The Ethics of Big Data and Nursing Science. Nursing Science Quarterly, 30(4), 300–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318417724474
POST 4
Victoria
 Nursing and Health Informatics Ethics and the Law
Selected ethical issue:
                                         Health Information Safety and Security
The privacy and safety of health data has been an ongoing issue in healthcare and has gotten worse with the adoption and implementation of HIT. Data security is the biggest concern of health care. Data privacy and security are increasingly a concern in nearly all industries but more so in the healthcare industry. The HITECH Act, enacted in 2009, is designed to promote the adoption and meaningful use of healthcare information technology. The legislation also addresses privacy and security concerns, as well as strengthens enforcement of HIPAA rules. HIT has made it easier to store and access patient’s previous data, and it is important for the healthcare industry to protect patient’s information from hackers. Electronic health records (EHRs) may enhance the safety of patient care, but emerging evidence suggests that they also produce risks of information security. These risks can emerge due to poor system design and usability, ineffective implementation of the system by the health care organization (HCO) or improper use of the system. While some of the risks may not be apparent to users in a complex health care environment, they have significant implications for patient safety. Even when a problem is detected, it may be difficult to determine its origin in a complex, distributed clinical computing environment. Despite efforts for greater attention to EHR-related safety risks, most HCOs and providers have limited awareness of these problems. To achieve the transformational benefits promised by pioneering EHR designers and developers, HCOs must ensure that HIT related patient safety is an organizational priority. They can facilitate this by securing commitment from organizational leadership and refocusing the organization’s clinical governance structure to facilitate measurement and monitoring of EHR-related safety risks. Developing an organizational culture that is amenable to proactively detecting, fixing, and learning from EHR-related safety concerns is critical (Sittig et al., 2020).
Potential liabilities of Health Information Safety and Security to the organization As Referenced by the AMIA Code of Ethics.
Disease management organizations uses telehealth services and home monitoring systems. Telehealth services could be undermined if privacy and security risks are not addressed. An example is for patients that uses a home monitoring system and devices like Prothrombin Time (INR) home testing devise and insulin pump, data from the devices can be mistakenly shared with third parties if there is inadequate security and privacy protection. In the AMIA code of ethics privacy laws, patient privacy is under the privacy rule of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) (Petersen et al., 2018).
Strategies to Address This Ethical Issue.

• Wireless networks and sensitive data should be guarded with unique usernames and passwords keyed to specific individuals.
• Limiting access to the technology infrastructure by eliminating unnecessary access to hardware and software and restricting individual users’ and systems’ privileges only to needed programs.
• Conducting screening and background checks as the majority of unauthorized intrusions occur from inside network firewalls.

Developing real-time methods to enable automated surveillance and monitoring of system performance and safety, establishing the cultural and legal framework to allow sharing information about hazards and adverse events, and developing models and methods for consumers/patients ((Shailaja et al., 2017).
References
Petersen, C., Berner, E. S., Embi, P. J., Fultz Hollis, K., Goodman, K. W., Koppel, R., …
Winkelstein, P. (2018). AMIA’s code of professional and ethical conduct
2018. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association: JAMIA, 25(11),
1579-1582. Retrieved from
https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article/25/11/1579/5134082
Shailaja, M., Hardeep, S., Traber D, G., William L, R., Brenda P, D., Elise M, R., & Dean F, S. (2017). Safety huddles to proactively identify and address electronic health record safety. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 24(2), 261–267. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1093/jamia/ocw153
Sittig, D. F., Wright, A., Coiera, E., Magrabi, F., Ratwani, R., Bates, D. W., & Singh, H. (2020). Current challenges in health information technology–related patient safety. Health Informatics Journal, 26(1), 181–189. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1177/1460458218814893

In Bell Hooks “Seeing and Making Culture: Representing the Poor”, Hooks is interested both in illuminating what she considers to be problematic in attitudes toward poverty in the United States, and in proposing solutions. Assess what you think about the solutions she suggests for developing less punishing attitudes toward poverty among people who are poor and those who are not. What values can poverty teach us all? What role does the media have on how people view poverty?
The short essay is written in a journalistic style and draws on sources; this is not simply an opinion piece, as her extended critique is of Michael Harrington’s book, “The Other America”. Why does Ehrenreich consider the phrase ‘the culture of poverty’ to be so problematic? As you read, pay attention to the way she traces the history and uses of that phrase through time.
Prompt:
Both Ehrenreich and Bell Hooks analyze the ways popular understandings of poverty often blame the poor. Place these authors’ ideas in conversation in an essay in which you make an argument about the ways policymaking and popular culture often go hand in hand to produce ideas about inequality. What solutions does each author offer, and what do you make about these solutions? What role does the media have on how people view poverty? Given your own experiences and knowledge about attitudes toward the rich and poor, how would you chime into this conversation? Do you agree or disagree with the authors? Build your argument around it.

Read: “The Temperance Movement: The Fight for an Alcohol-Free America.”
Writing in the role that you have been assigned (see below), argue whether temperance necessary to resolve a variety of social ills caused by alcohol abuse? Or did it unjustly restrict people’s right to sell and consume alcohol?
Use evidence from the reading: “The Temperance Movement” to support the position you have been assigned, your textbook, readings. Use the article “Making a Winning Argument” as a guide to writing an excellent, winning argument. Read through the other posts to see how your argument stacks up.
Please check your D2L email to see which role you have been assigned.
ROLES

1. Middle-class wife & mother
2. Middle-class husband & father
3. Boss of a factory
4. Tavern owner
5. Factory worker
6. Local politician
7. Preacher
8. German/Irish immigrant
9. Farmer

my role is number 8. german/Irish, immigrant.