Chemistry homework help. Your assignment is to prepare and submit a paper on human behavior in prompting research paper. 23rd November Human behavior in prompting Introduction Prompting entails the help that is given to learners that is mostly used to assist them to use specific skills. Being offered together with other evidence based practices, such as reinforcement and time delay, prompting procedures are usually offered by an experienced individual individual or peer. This paper aims at discussing key aspects of prompting as one of the human behavior.During the development and learning process for the youth with autism spectrum disorder, various prompting procedures are adopted. These include least to most prompts, simultaneous prompting and graduated guidance among others. In order to help the learners to fully understand the concepts they are exposed to, these procedures are used by teachers among other practitioners through different forms of prompts (Milton and Mullan 23). The application of the procedures in a systematic fashion ensures that learners with ASD get the required skills. According to Liberman et al 46, prompts are adopted by teachers, parents, and coworkers as a way of showing others how to acquire a particular skill. For example, a supervisor who aims at improving the performance of his workers will need to explain to the new worker on how to access documents from the computer network. The supervisor can use the main computer to demonstrate to the workers on the steps to follow in order to access all the information in other computers within the department. Similarly a sales person may explain to a customer on how to use a mobile phone while at the same time demonstrating how its features work (Stark et al 23). In verbal prompts, teachers make statements that ensure that learners achieve their targets. For example, learners can be asked to write their names or be asked to try doing something in a different way (Abraham and Michie 36). Gestural prompt is whereby a practitioner or a teacher makes a movement for example by pointing or nodding that makes the learners to learn a particular skill or behavior. For example, a learner may be shown at the top of the paper where he or she is supposed to write his or her name. Another example of gestural prompt is where a teacher taps a student and point the coat closet making the student to hang the coat (Polaha et al 46). Model prompts refers to a situation where the practitioner or the teacher performs the skill or the behavior of the learner. In this way, the learner will emulate what the teacher is doing thus achieving the skill. In order to ensure that the learner easily understand the skill, the teacher may also use verbal prompts while performing the skill (Organ and Konovsky 15). One of the major aspects of this type of prompt is that if the skill involve moving parts of the body, full model prompt can be motor but if the skill being taught is verbal the full model prompt can be entirely verbal. The fourth category is physical prompts. This entails touching the learners in order to assist them to use the skill or the behaviors that the teacher is teaching. Examples include tapping the learners hand, or holding the learner hands to assist him or her to write his or her name (Hiralall and Martens 21). The fifth category is the visual prompts. This entails provision of pictures of events that happened in a certain place. In this way, the learner is provided with information that indicates how to use a particular skill or behavior. Examples of pictures include transition picture card and a job analysis checklist. The use of prompts to teach new skillsOne of the major aspects that make prompts to be important in teaching new skills is that any student who suffers from ASD can benefit during instruction despite his communication skills, age or cognitive ability. Additionally, prompts can be used at the same time or alone in order to make the effectively complete a certain task. Notably, instructors are advised to seek the best prompting technique that will help the learners to better understand the skills they are being taught (Fuchs et al 54). For instance, if by repeating a verbal prompt to make the student start his or her assignment does not provide positive result, it implies that a more intrusive prompt is required (Doebel and Koenig 19 ) One of the notable strategies that are adopted during prompting is least to most procedure. This implies that prompts are presented in a systematic way including gradual increase of assistance based on the level of the need for assistance. For example, if a student is given a verbal prompt requiring him to hang a coat but he does not respond within 5 seconds, the teacher may possibly use a gesture such as pointing the coat hanger and the coat. If still the student does not show positive results, another prompt that includes holding the learners hands and guiding him to place the cost on the hanger.Prompting proceduresSystem of least promptsSystem of least prompts refers to the prompting procedure that entails removal of prompts by moving progressively from lees to higher restrictive prompts. The system of least prompts (SLP) is normally used when there are other prompts and thus they have to be arranged in a hierarchical manner. This means that the system of least prompts will have to start from less to more prompts which must be restricted to the individuals. The system of least prompts ensures that the learner will be given the opportunity to a response which is correct but the learner must be least restricted to his or her need. In a class the learner may show a correct behavior during the class session where prompts may be involved or not but at the end, encouragement must be given via reinforcement (Collins 40). If non- systematic teaching is not used in the class then the teachers may incorporate the system of least prompts where the learners are given the opportunity to display their behavior. The prompts level may be verbal, gesture and physical which are used by the learners to attain skills. The system of least prompt can be used to provide instruction to one individual for multiple skills. New technology has incorporated the system of least prompts for example the use of DVD players. Most to least promptingThe most to least prompting unlike the least prompting starts from the most restrictive to least restrictive arranged in the hierarchical manner. The most restrictive prompt must be physical prompt. This ensures that the learner get reinforcements from other students for example by holding the hands of the learner and take him or her to the front chair. This means the learner must receive reinforcement from other learners. After the physical prompt is over a less restrictive prompt is provided which is the verbal prompt. This means that a specific criterion must be provided or the prompt must be directed to a certain learner. For example, James open your book (Leaf et.al 52). This means that the prompt is directed to one individual and thus a verb prompt is going to be used. Finally, the less intrusive prompt is used if the learner fails to do what is he is asked by the teacher. This prompt is known as the independent which will be repeated until the learner get what was asked. The most to least prompting is used to train the learners with disabilities since it is routinely repeated. Additionally infants to their adulthood have used this independent prompt efficiently. Simultaneous promptingSimultaneous prompting is given to a learner after a test is provided by the teacher. In this session, the learner is not asked to respond to the responses while the session is in progress rather before a session is started. a test is conducted so that the teacher will know whether the learner got the right thing. The idea behind this is to known whether the learner has the right response depending on what is asked. This simultaneous prompting may seem to be confusing to the learners but it is used to make sure that the learner has the correct response depending on the prompt (Ingvarsson et al 41). For example, the teach
er may ask the learner what color is this? Then the teacher may give the prompt red during the class session. Though it is not correct the learner will prompt the correct response during this instructional session the teacher will known whether the learner has the acquired what was taught in the session. The advantage of this prompting is that the learner does not require being having skills in prompting since it is not an independently prompt (Craig and McCann 61). No delay in the session since the prompt is for all the learners who are in the session thus the response will not have variations. No-No PromptingThis errorless learning ensures that the learner is given an opportunity to respond to a prompt as the first option. Then the second attempt is given so that the learner will be successful to the response he or she is asked. This prompting is beneficial to the learner since positive learning is allowed depending on this environment of No- No prompting. This increases the learners capabilities since he or she is motivated until he or she will get the correct response (Caruso and Kennedy 56). In this type of prompting the teacher may draw certain objects in the white board then the learner may be asked to touch a certain creature. If the learner will not respond correctly then the teacher respond NO the same discriminative is repeated and when an error occurs the teacher respond again with a NO the third time means that the learner will get the lowest prompt and this will help to reshape the child. Finally, the child will provide the correct response and this will mean it would be difficult to forget it. The Effects of Instructional PromptsOne of the effects of instructional prompt is that the method is an effective teaching method which helps to reshape the learner to attain skills (Gelf et.al 32). This is beneficial to the learners since assistance is normally provided to the learner incase the correct response was not attained. Another effect of instructional prompts is that the child is given that opportunity to independently carry that task alone and thus attains the desired behavior. This means that time delay is normal but finally the child will get the correct response after a number of trials (Sitzmann and Ely 99). Support from either the teacher or reinforcement from other learners encourages the student to keep on trying and get the correct response. This instructional prompts encourages a behavior that the learner might be willing to get it since he or she will get it through the support of the teacher or from other learners. It can be beneficial for the teacher to use full verbal prompts to make sure that each and every learner will get his or her chance to follow instructional prompts so that the learner will not depend on the others while prompted. Guiding learning: Questions, prompts, and CuesIn their learning process, students are faced with quite a number of challenges that requires the teachers to respond to. Once the teachers intervene, the learners may feel helpless or successful. This process is referred to as guided Instructions since it indicates a shared responsibility between the learners and the teachers. Major aspects that are involved in guided instructions include observing systematic support, asking questions to verify understanding, direct explanations, and cues to shift attention among others (Nancy, F and Douglas, 2011).Graduated guidance promptingGraduated guidance prompting is one of the ways of teaching appropriately by use of physical prompting. However, one major aspect of this method is that it is difficult to teach instructors especially due to challenges in preparing a self-instructional manual to educate the teachers on conducting discrete trials when teaching young learners with autism (Daniela 12). One of the goals of graduated guidance is that during the teaching trial, a least intrusive method of prompting to bring about a behavior is used. Additionally, it aims at fading the level of prompts from most-to-least as quickly as possible. Graduate guidance is undertaken by use of 3 major guidelines as discussed below.Assessment to determine guidance that is neededThis entails determining the amount of physical guidance that the instructors require while performing their teaching process. This implies that an individual should there identify the guidance required that would enhance the knowledge in each step of the task. For instance, if a teacher is teaching John to eat with a spoon, initial assessment can be in the form discussed below.Instruction Johns behavior during initial trial Guidance required during trial Eat John loads the spoon with the food Full guidance- which means the he want to eat has her hand on Johns John moves the spoon to his Partial guidance- The teacher mouth from the eating plate releases John hand when the spoon is near his mouth John puts the spoon with the food Light touch-the teacher makes it sure In his mouth the end of the spoon is fully in Johns mouth Adjustment of promptingDuring the trial, it is essential to make some adjustment on the level of prompting. For instance, in the Johns example, the guidance was changed from full guidance to partial guidance up to a light touch.Fading out the promptsWhen undertaking the trials, it is important to en sure that the prompts that are adjusted are faded as soon as possible from most to least.Tutors play a major role in supporting the academic performance of their students. Through the tutor prompt-student respond, the students are significantly assisted in their activities. However, tutor prompt-student respond as discussed below.Advantages First, tutor prompt-student responds makes signify cant focus on the topic. Thus it ensures that the session is kept on track, Secondly, it makes the students to be an active learners thus making him or her to appropriately understand the concepts. Thirdly, tutor prompt-student respond focuses more on the learners and not the tutor. Fourthly, the tutor has an opportunity to assess the learners understanding and knowledge.DisadvantagesFirst, tutor prompt-student respond uses the concept of frustrating game. This implies that, the learners and the tutor are left to guess what is in the other person head. Secondly, learners can feel inadequate. Thirdly, questions during the learning process can appear as threats thus creating poor learning atmosphere. Fourthly, it can turn to be an interrogation. This means that an individual may assume that if the other party does not know A, then he or she does not know B.ConclusionBased on the above discussion, it is clear that prompts are important part of learning process that teachers cannot overlook. Not only is prompting essential for young people with ASD, but also it can be used to teach young infants on various skills. Notable issue that teachers and other instructors should emulate is least to most procedure. This involves introduction of more advanced prompts until the learner indicates positive results.Works CitedAbraham, C., &. Michie, S. (n.d.). A Taxonomy of Behavior Change Techniques Used In Interventions. Health Psychology, 379-387.And No-No Prompting In Two-Choice Discrimination Learning With Children with Autism. <.i>.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,<./i>. 215-228. Retrieved September 22, 2014, from ERIC.Caruso, M., &. Kennedy, C. (n.d.). Effects of
a reviewer-prompting strategy on timely manuscript reviews. <.i>.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,<./i>. 523-526. Retrieved September 19, 2014, from ERIC.Craig, C., &. Mccann, J. (n.d.). Assessing Communication Effects on Energy Conservation. <.i>.Journal of Consumer Research,<./i>. 82-82. Retrieved September 21, 2014, from Child Behavior and Parent Management Strategies at Mealtimes in Families with a School-Age Child with Cystic Fibrosis. Health Psychology, 274-280.Doebel, S., &. Koenig, M. (n.d.). Childrens use of moral behavior in selective trust: Discrimination versus learning. Developmental Psychology, 462-469.Daniela, F. Prompting using graduated guidance. Available from http://www.specialeducationadvisor.com/prompting-using-graduated-guidance/Explicitly Teaching For Transfer: Effects On Third-grade Students Mathematical Problem Solving. Journal of Educational Psychology, 293-304.Fuchs, L., Fuchs, D., Prentice, K., Burch, M., Hamlett, C., Owen, R.
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